Codes and Frequencies
Description
For women who gave birth in the last three to five years, ANCARENURM_01 (M2B_1) indicates whether, in response to an open-ended question, they reported that a nurse or midwife (categories combined or not distinguished) gave antenatal care (for the last birth).
Some samples in the "ANCARE" series include categories that can be consolidated into a single response. IPUMS-DHS uses supplemental programming to combine these responses in a standard variable while preserving the separate responses in country-specific variables.
For example, a given sample might include separate response categories for nurse and midwife that could be combined to create the more comprehensive response category in ANCARENURM. See Comparability for more information on the specific categories included in this variable for relevant samples.
Comparability — Index
|
GENERAL Bangladesh Burkina Faso Comoros Congo (Democratic Republic) Congo Brazzaville |
Cote d'Ivoire Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea |
Madagascar Mali Morocco Mozambique Senegal Yemen |
Comparability
In addition to universe differences, ANCARENURM_01 varies slightly in question wording. Most commonly, this response category is organized under the "Health Personnel" header and is worded as "nurse/midwife." However, some countries diverge from this standard convention, and, in some cases, multiple categories were consolidated to form a single, more comprehensive response. Countries of particular interest are noted below.
Comparability - Standard DHS
ANCARENURM_01 (M2B_1) is included in the standard DHS questionnaire for Phase II forward.
Comparability — Bangladesh [top]
The 1994, 1997, and 2000 Bangladesh surveys include the survey response "nurse/midwife." The 2004, 2007, 2011, and 2014 Bangladesh surveys include the related survey response "nurse/midwife/paramedic" (ANCAREBD3_01).
Comparability — Burkina Faso [top]
The 1998 and 2010 Burkina Faso surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCAREBF1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREBF2_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Comoros [top]
The 2012 Comoros survey includes separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_ALL to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCAREKM2_01 in IPUMS-DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREKM3_01 in IPUMS-DHS
Comparability — Congo (Democratic Republic) [top]
The 2007 and 2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCARECD1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCARECD2_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Congo Brazzaville [top]
The 2011 Congo Brazzaville surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCARECG_7 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCARECG_8 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Cote d'Ivoire [top]
The 1994 and 1998 Cote d'Ivoire surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCARECI1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCARECI2_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Egypt [top]
The 2005 Egypt survey reworded the question to include any other person(s) seen for "health care (other than an antenatal checkup or a tetanus injection)."
Comparability — Ethiopia [top]
The 2011 Ethiopian survey includes the survey response "nurse/midwife." The 2000 and 2005 Ethiopian surveys include the response "health professional," (ANCAREET1_01) which would include doctors, nurses, and midwives.
The 2016 and 2019 Ethiopia surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCAREET4_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREET5_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Gabon [top]
The 2000 and 2012 Gabon surveys collected this information for the last birth only.
The 2012 Gabon survey includes separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." The 2000 Gabon survey includes separate categories for "nurse/nurse's assistant" and "midwife" Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_ALL to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse/nurse's assistant is listed as ANCAREGA1_01 in IPUMS-DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREGA2_01 in IPUMS-DHS
Comparability — Ghana [top]
The 1993 and 1998 Ghana surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCAREGH1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREGH2_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Guinea [top]
The 1999, 2005, and 2012 Guinea surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCAREGN1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREGN2_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Madagascar [top]
The 1992, 1997, and 2021 Madgascar surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_ALL to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCAREMG1_ALL in IPUMS-DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREMG2_ALL in IPUMS-DHS
The 1992 and 1997 Madagascar surveys collected this information for all births in the reference period.
The 2021 Madagascar survey collected this information for the last birth only.
Comparability — Mali [top]
The 2006 Mali survey includes separate categories for "obstetrics nurse," "other nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these three responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Obstetrics nurse is listed as ANCAREML1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Other nurse is listed as ANCAREML2_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREML3_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Morocco [top]
The 1992 and 2003 Morocco surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCAREMA1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREMA2_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Mozambique [top]
The 2003 and 2011 Mozambique surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCAREMZ1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCAREMZ2_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Senegal [top]
The 2005, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2019 Senegal surveys include separate categories for "nurse" and "midwife." Because this variable focuses on the combined category of nurse/midwife, these two responses are consolidated in ANCARENURM_01 to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Nurse is listed as ANCARESN1_01 in IPUMS DHS
- Midwife is listed as ANCARESN2_01 in IPUMS DHS
Comparability — Yemen [top]
The 1991 Yemen survey includes "Trained nurse/midwife" as a response category. The 2013 Yemen survey includes the more standard "Nurse/midwife" as a response category.
Universe
- Afghanistan 2015: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Angola 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Angola 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Angola 2015: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Bangladesh 1994: Ever-married women age 10-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Bangladesh 1997: Ever-married women age 10-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Bangladesh 2000: Ever-married women age 10-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Benin 1996: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Benin 2001: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Benin 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Benin 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Benin 2017: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burkina Faso 1993: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burkina Faso 1998: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burkina Faso 2010: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burkina Faso 2014: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burkina Faso 2018: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burundi 2010: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burundi 2012: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burundi 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Cameroon 1991: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Cameroon 1998: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Cameroon 2004: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Cameroon 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Cameroon 2018: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Cameroon 2022: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Central African Republic 1995: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Chad 1996: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Chad 2004: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Chad 2014: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Comoros 1996: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Comoros 2012: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2007: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Congo Brazzaville 2005: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Congo Brazzaville 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Cote d'Ivoire 1994: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Cote d'Ivoire 1998: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Cote d'Ivoire 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Egypt 1992: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Egypt 1995: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Egypt 2000: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Egypt 2003: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Egypt 2005: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Egypt 2008: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Egypt 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Eswatini (Swaziland) 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ethiopia 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ethiopia 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ethiopia 2019: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Gabon 2000: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Gabon 2012: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Gambia 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Gambia 2019: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ghana 1993: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Ghana 1998: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ghana 2003: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ghana 2008: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ghana 2014: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ghana 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Ghana 2019: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Guinea 1999: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Guinea 2005: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Guinea 2012: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Guinea 2018: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Guinea 2021: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- India 1992: Ever-married women age 13-49 who gave birth in the 4 years before the survey.
- Jordan 1990: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Jordan 1997: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Jordan 2002: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Jordan 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Jordan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Jordan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Kenya 1993: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Kenya 1998: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Kenya 2003: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Kenya 2008: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Kenya 2014: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Kenya 2015: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Lesotho 2004: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Lesotho 2014: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Liberia 2007: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Liberia 2009: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Liberia 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Liberia 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Liberia 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Liberia 2019: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Madagascar 1992: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Madagascar 1997: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Madagascar 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Madagascar 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Madagascar 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Madagascar 2021: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 1992: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 2000: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 2004: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 2010: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 2012: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 2014: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 2017: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mali 1995: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Mali 2001: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mali 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mali 2012: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mali 2015: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mali 2018: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mali 2021: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Morocco 1992: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Morocco 2003: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mozambique 1997: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Mozambique 2003: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mozambique 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mozambique 2018: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Namibia 1992: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Namibia 2000: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Namibia 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Namibia 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nepal 1996: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Nepal 2001: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nepal 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nepal 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nepal 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Niger 1992: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Niger 1998: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Niger 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Niger 2012: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Niger 2021: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 1999: Women age 10-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 2003: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 2008: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 2010: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 2015: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 2018: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 2021: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Rwanda 2008: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Rwanda 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Rwanda 2017: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Rwanda 2019: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Sao Tome 2008: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Senegal 2005: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Senegal 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Senegal 2008: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Senegal 2010: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey and who received antenatal care.
- Senegal 2012: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey and who received antenatal care.
- Senegal 2014: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey and who received antenatal care.
- Senegal 2015: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey and who received antenatal care.
- Senegal 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey and who received antenatal care.
- Senegal 2017: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Sierra Leone 2008: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Sierra Leone 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Sierra Leone 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Sierra Leone 2019: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- South Africa 1998: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- South Africa 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Tanzania 1991: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Tanzania 1996: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Tanzania 1999: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Tanzania 2004: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Tanzania 2010: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Tanzania 2015: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Tanzania 2017: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Togo 1998: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Togo 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Togo 2017: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Uganda 1995: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 4 years before the survey.
- Uganda 2001: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Uganda 2006: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Uganda 2009: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Uganda 2011: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Uganda 2014: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Uganda 2016: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Uganda 2018: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Yemen 1991: Ever-married women age 15-54 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Yemen 2013: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zambia 1992: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zambia 1996: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zambia 2001: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zambia 2007: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zambia 2013: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zambia 2018: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zimbabwe 1994: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey.
- Zimbabwe 1999: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zimbabwe 2005: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zimbabwe 2010: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zimbabwe 2015: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
