Codes and Frequencies
Description
FSEVHAD indicates whether the woman ever had fistula. Question wording varies across samples. See Comparability.
Comparability — Index
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GENERAL Congo (Democratic Republic) Cote d'Ivoire |
Ethiopia Malawi Mali |
Niger Pakistan Uganda |
Comparability
Along with universe differences, FSEVHAD differs considerably in question wording across samples. Several surveys used wording close to that in the Standard DHS Fistula Module (see below). Others referred to obstetric fistula only or used some other variation in wording. Most notably, some samples referred only to fistula occurring after the most recent birth.
Comparability - Standard DHS
FSEVHAD is not included in the standard DHS questionnaire but it is included in the standard DHS module on fistula. In the module, the question was phrased as follows:
Comparability — Congo (Democratic Republic) [top]
The 2007 Democratic Republic of the Congo survey excludes women who reported they were currently experiencing fistula. To maximize comparability, users may wish to combine the responses to FSEVHAD and FSNOW.
Comparability — Cote d'Ivoire [top]
The 2011 Cote d'Ivoire survey asked whether the woman has ever had problems with urinary or fecal incontinence.
Comparability — Ethiopia [top]
The 2000 Ethiopian survey asked only about obstetric fistula occurring after childbirth, and thus excluded fistula from other causes, such as sexual assault.
Comparability — Malawi [top]
The 2004 Malawi survey asked only about fistula (characterized as "leakage of urine or stool from your vagina") after the most recent birth, which should result in lower reported prevalence than questions about "ever" having had fistula.
Comparability — Mali [top]
The 2006 Mali survey asked about "fistula," also known as "the urine illness."
Comparability — Niger [top]
The Niger 2006 and 2012 surveys asked about "fistula," also known as "the urine illness."
Comparability — Pakistan [top]
The 2006 Pakistan survey asks, "Sometimes a woman can have a problem, usually after a difficult childbirth, such that she continuously dribbles urine even during sleep that wets her clothes and/or leaks stool from her vagina. Have you ever experienced this problem?" This question is only asked to women who have experienced at least one live birth.
Comparability — Uganda [top]
The Uganda 2006 survey form asked only about fistula (characterized as "uncontrollable leakage of urine or stool from your vagina") after a difficult childbirth, and thus excluded fistula from other causes, such as sexual assault or pelvic surgery.
Universe
- Afghanistan 2015: Ever-married women age 15-49.
- Benin 2011: All women age 15-49.
- Burkina Faso 2010: All women age 15-49.
- Burundi 2016: All women age 15-49.
- Cameroon 2018: All women age 15-49.
- Chad 2014: Women age 15-49 in households not selected for the men's survey.
- Comoros 2012: All women age 15-49.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2007: Women age 15-49 who have heard of fistula and are not currently experiencing fistula.
- Congo Brazzaville 2011: All women age 15-49.
- Cote d'Ivoire 2011: All women age 15-49.
- Ethiopia 2005: Women age 15-49 who have heard of obstetric fistula.
- Ethiopia 2016: All women age 15-49.
- Gambia 2019: All women age 15-49.
- Guinea 2012: All women age 15-49.
- Guinea 2018: All women age 15-49.
- Kenya 2008: All women age 15-49.
- Kenya 2014: Women age 15-49 in households selected for the long questionnaire.
- Madagascar 2021: All women age 15-49.
- Malawi 2004: Women age 15-49 who have given birth in the last 5 years (referring to most recent birth).
- Malawi 2010: All women age 15-49.
- Malawi 2016: All women age 15-49.
- Mali 2006: Women age 15-49 who have heard of fistula.
- Mali 2012: All women age 15-49.
- Mali 2018: All women age 15-49.
- Niger 2006: Women age 15-49 who have heard of fistula.
- Niger 2012: Women age 15-49 who have heard of fistula.
- Nigeria 2008: All women age 15-49.
- Nigeria 2018: Women age 15-49 in households not selected for hemoglobin measurement.
- Pakistan 2006: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever given birth.
- Rwanda 2019: All women age 15-49.
- Senegal 2010: All women age 15-49.
- Senegal 2017: All women age 15-49.
- Sierra Leone 2013: All women age 15-49.
- Sierra Leone 2019: All women age 15-49.
- Tanzania 2010: All women age 15-49.
- Togo 2013: All women age 15-49.
- Uganda 2006: All women age 15-49.
- Uganda 2011: All women age 15-49.
- Uganda 2016: All women age 15-49.
- Yemen 2013: Women age 15-49 who have ever been married.
- Zambia 2013: All women age 15-49.
- Zambia 2018: All women age 15-49.
