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SOIL is a categorical variable that has 3-digit numeric values.

Codes

-998 = Missing

Please refer to the soil legend for the list of soil types within soil classes and their codes in IPUMS-DHS.

Description

SOIL reports the predominant soil type within a 5-kilometer circular buffer around each DHS cluster location. The soil attributes reported in SOIL are: soil class (e.g., Leptosols), with 30 class categories, and soil type within that class (e.g., Lithic Leptosols). SOIL is available for every IPUMS-DHS sample with GPS data.

SOIL is based on data from SoilGrids. SoilGrids is a system for automated soil mapping based on global soil profile and covariate data. There are 118 different soil types in the world according to SoilGrids. For the full list of codes and their meaning, see the soil legend.

SOIL, like the other IPUMS-DHS contextual variables, is calculated and based on sources external to DHS data. For more information on IPUMS-DHS contextual variables and how they are constructed, refer to the documentation on these variables.

Comparability

SOIL is comparable across samples.

Comparability - Standard DHS

SOIL is a contextual variable based on sources outside the DHS data.

Universe

  • Angola 2015: All women age 15-49.
  • Bangladesh 1994: Ever-married women age 10-49.
  • Bangladesh 1997: Ever-married women age 10-49.
  • Bangladesh 2000: Ever-married women age 10-49.
  • Bangladesh 2004: Ever-married women age 10-49.
  • Bangladesh 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Bangladesh 2011: Ever-married women age 12-49.
  • Bangladesh 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Benin 1996: All women age 15-49.
  • Benin 2001: All women age 15-49.
  • Benin 2006: All women age 15-49.
  • Benin 2011: All women age 15-49.
  • Benin 2017: All women age 15-49.
  • Burkina Faso 1993: All women age 15-49.
  • Burkina Faso 1998: All women age 15-49.
  • Burkina Faso 2003: All women age 15-49.
  • Burkina Faso 2010: All women age 15-49.
  • Burundi 1987: All women age 15-49.
  • Burundi 2010: All women age 15-49.
  • Burundi 2016: All women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 1991: All women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 1998: All women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 2004: All women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 2011: All women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 2018: All women age 15-64.
  • Central African Republic 1995: All women age 15-49.
  • Chad 1996: All women age 15-49.
  • Chad 2004: All women age 15-49.
  • Chad 2014: All women age 15-49.
  • Congo (Democratic Republic) 2007: All women age 15-49.
  • Congo (Democratic Republic) 2013: All women age 15-49.
  • Cote d'Ivoire 1994: All women age 15-49.
  • Cote d'Ivoire 1998: All women age 15-49.
  • Cote d'Ivoire 2011: All women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 1988: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 1992: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 1995: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2000: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2003: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2005: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2008: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Eswatini (Swaziland) 2006: All women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2000: All women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2005: All women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2011: All women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2016: All women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2019: All women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 1988: All women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 1993: All women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 1998: All women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 2003: All women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 2008: All women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 2014: All women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 2016: All women age 15-49.
  • Guinea 1999: All women age 15-49.
  • Guinea 2005: All women age 15-49.
  • Guinea 2012: All women age 15-49.
  • Guinea 2018: All women age 15-49.
  • India 1992: Ever-married women age 13-49.
  • India 1998: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • India 2005: All women age 15-49.
  • India 2015: All women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 1990: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 1997: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2002: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2009: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 1989: All women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 1993: All women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 1998: All women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 2003: All women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 2008: All women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 2014: All women age 15-49.
  • Lesotho 2004: All women age 15-49.
  • Lesotho 2009: All women age 15-49.
  • Lesotho 2014: All women age 15-49.
  • Liberia 1986: All women age 15-49.
  • Liberia 2007: All women age 15-49.
  • Liberia 2013: All women age 15-49.
  • Madagascar 1992: All women age 15-49.
  • Madagascar 1997: All women age 15-49.
  • Madagascar 2003: All women age 15-49.
  • Madagascar 2008: All women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 1992: All women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 2000: All women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 2004: All women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 2010: All women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 2016: All women age 15-49.
  • Mali 1987: All women age 15-49.
  • Mali 1995: All women age 15-49.
  • Mali 2001: All women age 15-49.
  • Mali 2006: All women age 15-49.
  • Mali 2012: All women age 15-49.
  • Mali 2018: All women age 15-49.
  • Morocco 1987: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Morocco 1992: All women age 15-49.
  • Morocco 2003: All women age 15-49.
  • Mozambique 1997: All women age 15-49.
  • Mozambique 2003: All women age 15-49.
  • Mozambique 2011: All women age 15-49.
  • Myanmar 2015: All women age 15-49.
  • Namibia 1992: All women age 15-49.
  • Namibia 2000: All women age 15-49.
  • Namibia 2006: All women age 15-49.
  • Namibia 2013: All women age 15-64.
  • Nepal 1996: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 2001: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 2006: All women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 2011: All women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 2016: All women age 15-49.
  • Niger 1992: All women age 15-49.
  • Niger 1998: All women age 15-49.
  • Niger 2006: All women age 15-49.
  • Niger 2012: All women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 1990: All women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 1999: All women age 10-49.
  • Nigeria 2003: All women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 2008: All women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 2013: All women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 2018: All women age 15-49.
  • Pakistan 1991: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Pakistan 2006: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Pakistan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Pakistan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 1992: All women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2000: All women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2005: All women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2008: All women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2010: All women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2014: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 1986: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 1992: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 1997: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2005: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2010: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2012: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2014: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2015: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2016: All women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2017: All women age 15-49.
  • South Africa 1998: All women age 15-49.
  • South Africa 2016: All women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 1991: All women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 1996: All women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 1999: All women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 2004: All women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 2010: All women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 2015: All women age 15-49.
  • Togo 1988: All women age 15-49.
  • Togo 1998: All women age 15-49.
  • Togo 2013: All women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 1988: All women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 1995: All women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 2001: All women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 2006: All women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 2011: All women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 2016: All women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 1992: All women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 1996: All women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 2001: All women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 2007: All women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 2013: All women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 2018: All women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 1988: All women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 1994: All women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 1999: All women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 2005: All women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 2010: All women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 2015: All women age 15-49.
  • Angola: 2015-W, 2015-C, 2015-B, 2015-M, 2015-H
  • Bangladesh: 1994-W, 1994-C, 1994-M, 1994-W, 1994-B, 1994-H, 1997-W, 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-M, 1997-H, 1997-B, 2000-H, 2000-M, 2000-C, 2000-W, 2000-B, 2004-M, 2004-B, 2004-W, 2004-C, 2004-H, 2007-M, 2007-W, 2007-H, 2007-C, 2007-B, 2011-M, 2011-W, 2011-H, 2011-C, 2011-B, 2014-H, 2014-B, 2014-C, 2014-W
  • Benin: 1996-C, 1996-H, 1996-B, 1996-W, 1996-M, 2001-W, 2001-C, 2001-H, 2001-B, 2001-M, 2006-M, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-B, 2006-C, 2006-W, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-C, 2011-W, 2011-H, 2017-W, 2017-C, 2017-B, 2017-M, 2017-H, 2017-W
  • Burkina Faso: 1993-C, 1993-H, 1993-B, 1993-W, 1993-M, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-H, 1998-B, 1998-M, 2003-M, 2003-H, 2003-B, 2003-C, 2003-W, 2010-B, 2010-M, 2010-C, 2010-W, 2010-H
  • Burundi: 1987-W, 1987-C, 1987-B, 2010-W, 2010-H, 2010-M, 2010-B, 2010-C, 2016-C, 2016-B, 2016-W, 2016-M, 2016-H
  • Cameroon: 1991-C, 1991-H, 1991-W, 1991-B, 1991-M, 1998-W, 1998-H, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-M, 2004-M, 2004-H, 2004-B, 2004-C, 2004-W, 2011-B, 2011-C, 2011-M, 2011-W, 2011-H, 2018-W, 2018-C, 2018-B, 2018-M, 2018-H
  • Central African Republic: 1995-W, 1995-C, 1995-B, 1995-M, 1995-H
  • Chad: 1996-W, 1996-C, 1996-B, 1996-M, 1996-H, 2004-W, 2004-C, 2004-B, 2004-M, 2004-H, 2014-W, 2014-C, 2014-B, 2014-M, 2014-H
  • Congo (Democratic Republic): 2007-W, 2007-C, 2007-B, 2007-M, 2007-H, 2013-W, 2013-C, 2013-B, 2013-M, 2013-H
  • Cote d'Ivoire: 1994-W, 1994-C, 1994-B, 1994-M, 1994-H, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-M, 1998-H, 2011-W, 2011-C, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-H
  • Egypt: 1988-W, 1988-B, 1988-C, 1992-W, 1992-H, 1992-B, 1992-C, 1995-C, 1995-B, 1995-H, 1995-W, 2000-C, 2000-H, 2000-B, 2000-W, 2003-B, 2003-C, 2003-W, 2003-H, 2003-W, 2005-B, 2005-W, 2005-H, 2005-C, 2008-B, 2008-H, 2008-C, 2008-W, 2014-H, 2014-B, 2014-C, 2014-W
  • Eswatini (Swaziland): 2006-W, 2006-C, 2006-B, 2006-H, 2006-M, 2006-W
  • Ethiopia: 2000-W, 2000-C, 2000-H, 2000-B, 2000-M, 2005-W, 2005-H, 2005-M, 2005-B, 2005-C, 2011-M, 2011-C, 2011-H, 2011-B, 2011-W, 2016-H, 2016-M, 2016-B, 2016-C, 2016-W, 2019-W, 2019-C, 2019-B, 2019-H
  • Ghana: 1988-W, 1988-C, 1988-B, 1993-W, 1993-H, 1993-M, 1993-B, 1993-C, 1998-C, 1998-M, 1998-H, 1998-B, 1998-W, 2003-C, 2003-H, 2003-M, 2003-W, 2003-B, 2008-B, 2008-M, 2008-W, 2008-H, 2008-C, 2014-W, 2014-B, 2014-C, 2014-H, 2014-M, 2016-W, 2016-C, 2016-H
  • Guinea: 1999-W, 1999-C, 1999-H, 1999-B, 1999-M, 2005-W, 2005-H, 2005-M, 2005-B, 2005-C, 2012-B, 2012-M, 2012-C, 2012-H, 2012-W, 2018-W, 2018-C, 2018-B, 2018-M, 2018-H, 2018-W
  • India: 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1992-H, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-H, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-M, 2005-B, 2005-C, 2005-W, 2015-W, 2015-C, 2015-B, 2015-M, 2015-H
  • Jordan: 1990-W, 1990-W, 1990-H, 1990-C, 1990-B, 1997-W, 1997-W, 1997-H, 1997-B, 1997-C, 2002-C, 2002-B, 2002-W, 2002-H, 2007-C, 2007-B, 2007-W, 2007-H, 2009-C, 2009-W, 2009-H, 2009-W, 2009-B, 2012-H, 2012-W, 2012-B, 2012-C, 2017-W, 2017-C, 2017-B, 2017-M, 2017-H, 2017-W
  • Kenya: 1989-C, 1989-W, 1989-B, 1993-W, 1993-H, 1993-C, 1993-M, 1993-B, 1998-M, 1998-W, 1998-H, 1998-B, 1998-C, 1998-W, 2003-B, 2003-C, 2003-M, 2003-W, 2003-H, 2008-C, 2008-B, 2008-M, 2008-W, 2008-H, 2014-W, 2014-H, 2014-M, 2014-B, 2014-C
  • Lesotho: 2004-C, 2004-B, 2004-W, 2004-M, 2004-H, 2009-W, 2009-C, 2009-B, 2009-M, 2009-H, 2014-H, 2014-M, 2014-B, 2014-C, 2014-W
  • Liberia: 1986-W, 1986-C, 1986-B, 2007-W, 2007-H, 2007-M, 2007-B, 2007-C, 2013-B, 2013-C, 2013-M, 2013-W, 2013-H, 2013-W
  • Madagascar: 1992-C, 1992-B, 1992-W, 1992-H, 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-B, 1997-H, 2003-W, 2003-C, 2003-W, 2003-B, 2003-M, 2003-H, 2008-H, 2008-B, 2008-C, 2008-W, 2008-M
  • Malawi: 1992-H, 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-M, 1992-B, 2000-W, 2000-H, 2000-M, 2000-B, 2000-C, 2004-B, 2004-H, 2004-W, 2004-M, 2004-C, 2010-C, 2010-M, 2010-W, 2010-H, 2010-B, 2016-M, 2016-H, 2016-B, 2016-C, 2016-W
  • Mali: 1987-W, 1987-M, 1987-C, 1987-B, 1995-W, 1995-H, 1995-M, 1995-B, 1995-C, 2001-C, 2001-B, 2001-M, 2001-H, 2001-W, 2006-C, 2006-B, 2006-M, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2012-C, 2012-H, 2012-M, 2012-W, 2012-B, 2018-W, 2018-C, 2018-B, 2018-M, 2018-H, 2018-W
  • Morocco: 1987-W, 1987-C, 1987-B, 1992-W, 1992-C, 1992-B, 1992-H, 1992-W, 2003-W, 2003-C, 2003-B, 2003-H, 2003-W
  • Mozambique: 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-H, 1997-B, 1997-M, 2003-W, 2003-W, 2003-H, 2003-M, 2003-B, 2003-C, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-C, 2011-H, 2011-W
  • Myanmar: 2015-C, 2015-W, 2015-B, 2015-M, 2015-H
  • Namibia: 1992-C, 1992-H, 1992-B, 1992-W, 2000-W, 2000-C, 2000-H, 2000-B, 2000-M, 2006-B, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-M, 2006-C, 2006-W, 2013-B, 2013-M, 2013-C, 2013-W, 2013-H, 2013-W
  • Nepal: 1996-H, 1996-C, 1996-W, 1996-B, 2001-W, 2001-M, 2001-H, 2001-B, 2001-C, 2006-C, 2006-B, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-M, 2011-C, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-W, 2011-H, 2016-H, 2016-M, 2016-B, 2016-C, 2016-W
  • Niger: 1992-W, 1992-H, 1992-C, 1992-M, 1992-B, 1998-W, 1998-H, 1998-M, 1998-B, 1998-C, 2006-B, 2006-C, 2006-M, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-W, 2012-C, 2012-B, 2012-M, 2012-W, 2012-H, 2012-W
  • Nigeria: 1990-C, 1990-W, 1990-B, 1990-H, 1999-W, 1999-M, 1999-C, 1999-H, 1999-B, 2003-W, 2003-C, 2003-B, 2003-H, 2003-M, 2008-H, 2008-B, 2008-W, 2008-C, 2008-M, 2013-M, 2013-W, 2013-H, 2013-C, 2013-B, 2018-H, 2018-W, 2018-M, 2018-B, 2018-C, 2018-W
  • Pakistan: 1991-W, 1991-M, 1991-C, 1991-H, 1991-B, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-B, 2006-C, 2012-B, 2012-C, 2012-H, 2012-W, 2012-M, 2012-W, 2017-W, 2017-C, 2017-B, 2017-M, 2017-H, 2017-W
  • Rwanda: 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1992-H, 1992-M, 2000-W, 2000-W, 2000-C, 2000-H, 2000-B, 2000-M, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-M, 2005-W, 2005-B, 2005-C, 2008-H, 2008-M, 2008-B, 2008-C, 2008-W, 2010-H, 2010-W, 2010-W, 2010-C, 2010-M, 2010-B, 2014-W, 2014-C, 2014-H, 2014-M, 2014-W, 2014-B
  • Senegal: 1986-W, 1986-B, 1986-C, 1992-W, 1992-M, 1992-H, 1992-B, 1992-C, 1997-C, 1997-M, 1997-W, 1997-H, 1997-B, 2005-B, 2005-M, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-C, 2010-H, 2010-M, 2010-C, 2010-B, 2010-W, 2012-H, 2012-B, 2012-C, 2012-W, 2014-H, 2014-W, 2014-M, 2014-W, 2014-C, 2014-B, 2015-H, 2015-W, 2015-C, 2015-B, 2015-M, 2016-B, 2016-C, 2016-W, 2016-H, 2016-M, 2017-H, 2017-W, 2017-M, 2017-B, 2017-C, 2017-W
  • South Africa: 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-H, 2016-W, 2016-C, 2016-B, 2016-M, 2016-H, 2016-W
  • Tanzania: 1991-W, 1991-H, 1991-C, 1991-M, 1991-B, 1996-W, 1996-H, 1996-M, 1996-B, 1996-C, 1999-C, 1999-B, 1999-H, 1999-M, 1999-W, 2004-C, 2004-B, 2004-W, 2004-H, 2004-M, 2004-W, 2010-M, 2010-H, 2010-C, 2010-W, 2010-B, 2015-M, 2015-B, 2015-C, 2015-H, 2015-W
  • Togo: 1988-W, 1988-C, 1988-B, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-M, 1998-H, 2013-W, 2013-C, 2013-B, 2013-H, 2013-M
  • Uganda: 1988-W, 1988-C, 1988-B, 1995-W, 1995-H, 1995-C, 1995-M, 1995-B, 2001-H, 2001-W, 2001-M, 2001-B, 2001-C, 2001-W, 2006-B, 2006-C, 2006-M, 2006-W, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2011-C, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-H, 2011-W, 2011-W, 2016-W, 2016-W, 2016-H, 2016-M, 2016-B, 2016-C
  • Zambia: 1992-C, 1992-H, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1996-W, 1996-H, 1996-C, 1996-M, 1996-B, 2001-M, 2001-H, 2001-B, 2001-W, 2001-C, 2007-B, 2007-H, 2007-W, 2007-M, 2007-C, 2013-M, 2013-W, 2013-B, 2013-H, 2013-C, 2018-W, 2018-C, 2018-B, 2018-M, 2018-H, 2018-W
  • Zimbabwe: 1988-W, 1988-C, 1988-B, 1994-W, 1994-W, 1994-H, 1994-M, 1994-B, 1994-C, 1999-C, 1999-B, 1999-H, 1999-M, 1999-W, 2005-C, 2005-B, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-M, 2010-C, 2010-H, 2010-M, 2010-W, 2010-B, 2015-H, 2015-M, 2015-B, 2015-C, 2015-W