Codes and Frequencies
Description
For women who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the past 12 months, STIADPRIVHOS indicates whether, in response to an open-ended question, they reported seeking advice or treatment from a private hospital, clinic, or doctor for this problem.
Some samples in the "STIAD" series include categories that can be consolidated into a single response. IPUMS-DHS uses supplemental programming to combine these responses in a standard variable while preserving the separate responses in country-specific variables.
Comparability — Index
Comparability
Along with universe differences, STIADPRIVHOS varies slightly in question wording. Most commonly, this response category is organized under a "Private Medical Sector" header and is worded as "private hospital/clinic/doctor" or some other combination of hospital, clinic, and doctor. However, some countries diverge from this standard convention and are discussed below. In some cases, multiple categories were consolidated to form a single, more comprehensive response in STIADPRIVHOS, which is ultimately focused on treatment at a private hospital, clinic, or doctor.
Additionally, samples vary in how they asked about sexually transmitted infections. For example, surveys in Phase V forward generally asked whether the woman had any STI, a genital sore/ulcer, and a genital discharge. In Phase III, the surveys mentioned additional infections. Due to this variation, researchers are encouraged to review the Survey Text tab for samples of interest.
Comparability - Standard DHS
STIADPRIVHOS first appears in Phase III of the Standard DHS questionnaire. Women with a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months are asked whether they sought treatment and, if yes, are asked an open-ended question about where treatment was sought (e.g., "Where did you seek advice or treatment? Anywhere else?"). The base universe in this phase was women who had a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the 12 months prior to the interview.
In Phase IV, women are asked closed-ended questions about whether they sought treatment at specific sources (e.g., "The last time you had (INFECTION), did you seek advice from a health worker in a clinic or hospital?"). Given the conceptual differences between phases, samples from Phase IV are excluded from STIADPRIVHOS.
In Phase V forward, STIADPRIVHOS follows the same format as in Phase III. However, the base universe in these phases was women who had a sexually transmitted infection in the 12 months prior to the interview, thus including women who indicated that they did not seek treatment. To increase comparability across phases, researchers may wish to exclude women who did not seek treatment, using the STIADVICE variable (with women who did not seek advice/treatment coded "0").
Comparability — Bangladesh [top]
In the 2011 Bangladesh survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic," "private qualified doctor," "private unqualified doctor," and "private medical college hospital." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on all private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Private hospital/clinic is listed as STIADBD6 in IPUMS-DHS
- Private qualified doctor is listed as STIADBD7 in IPUMS-DHS
- Private unqualified doctor is listed as STIADBD8 in IPUMS-DHS
- Private medical college hospital is listed as STIADBD9 in IPUMS-DHS
Additionally, in the 2014 Bangladesh survey there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" (STIADBD6), "private qualified doctor" (STIADBD7) and "private unqualified doctor" (STIADBD8), which are consolidated in STIADPRIVHOS.
Comparability — Benin [top]
In the 1996, 2006, and 2011 Benin surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Cameroon [top]
In the 1998, 2004, 2011, and 2018 Cameroon surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "Lay hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Central African Republic [top]
In the 1995 Central African Republic survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Chad [top]
In the 2014 Chad survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital" and "private doctor/clinic." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Congo Brazzaville [top]
In the 2005 and 2011 Republic of the Congo - Brazzaville surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private clinic" and "private doctor's office." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Cote d'Ivoire [top]
In the 1998 Cote d'Ivoire survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Egypt [top]
In the 2005 and 2014 Egypt surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Ethiopia [top]
In the 2011 and 2016 Ethiopia surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital" and "private clinic." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Gabon [top]
In the 2012 Gabon survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Guinea [top]
In the 1999 Guinea survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
- Private hospital/clinic is listed as STIADGN1 in IPUMS-DHS
- Private doctor is listed as STIADGN2 in IPUMS-DHS
In the 2018 Guinea survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic," "private doctor," and "private health clinic." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Liberia [top]
In the 2007 and 2013 Liberia surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Madagascar [top]
In the 1997 and 2008 Madagascar surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" headers, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Malawi [top]
In the 2010 Malawi survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic/doctor" and "private company hospital/clinic." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Mali [top]
In the 1995 and 2012 Mali surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private doctor/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Nepal [top]
In the 2016 Nepal survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" headers, there are separate categories for "private hospital/nursing home" and "private clinic." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Niger [top]
In the 1998 Niger survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private clinic" and "private doctor." Because this variable focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in STIADPRIVHOS to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Nigeria [top]
In the 1999 Nigeria survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Rwanda [top]
In the 2005 Rwanda survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Additionally, the 2010 and 2014 Rwanda surveys include a "private polyclinic" response category. This variable is listed as STIADRW4 in IPUMS-DHS, and it is combined with private clinic (STIADRW3) in STIADPRIVHOS for these two samples.
Comparability — Senegal [top]
In the 2017 Senegal survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Togo [top]
In the 1998 and 2013 Togo surveys, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic' and "private doctor's office." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Uganda [top]
In the 1995 Uganda survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Zambia [top]
In the 1996 Zambia survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Comparability — Zimbabwe [top]
In the 1996 Zimbabwe survey, under the "Private Medical Sector" header, there are separate categories for "private hospital/clinic" and "private doctor." Because STIADPRIVHOS variable focuses on private hospitals, clinics, and doctors, these responses are consolidated in this variable to create a more comprehensive response category. For researchers interested in preserving these country-specific categories:
Universe
- Afghanistan 2015: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Angola 2015: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Bangladesh 2011: Ever-married women age 12-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Bangladesh 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Benin 1996: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Benin 2006: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Benin 2011: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Benin 2017: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months, in households selected for the men's survey.
- Burkina Faso 1998: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Burkina Faso 2010: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Burundi 2010: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Burundi 2016: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Cameroon 1998: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Cameroon 2004: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Cameroon 2011: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Cameroon 2018: Women age 15-64 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Central African Republic 1995: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Chad 1996: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Chad 2014: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months, in households selected for the men's survey.
- Comoros 2012: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2007: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2013: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Congo Brazzaville 2005: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex, and who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Congo Brazzaville 2011: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex, and who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Cote d'Ivoire 1998: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Cote d'Ivoire 2011: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Egypt 2005: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Egypt 2008: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Egypt 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Ethiopia 2005: All women age 15-49.
- Ethiopia 2011: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Ethiopia 2016: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Gabon 2012: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Gambia 2013: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Gambia 2019: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Ghana 2008: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Ghana 2014: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Guinea 1999: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Guinea 2005: All women age 15-49.
- Guinea 2012: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Guinea 2018: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex, and who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- India 2005: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- India 2019: Women age 15-49 in households selected for the state module, who have ever had sex, and who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Kenya 1998: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Kenya 2008: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Kenya 2014: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months, in households selected for the long questionnaire.
- Lesotho 2004: All women age 15-49.
- Lesotho 2009: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Lesotho 2014: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Liberia 2007: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Liberia 2013: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Liberia 2019: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Madagascar 1997: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Madagascar 2008: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months, in households selected for the men's survey.
- Madagascar 2021: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Malawi 2010: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Malawi 2016: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Mali 1995: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Mali 2006: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Mali 2012: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Mali 2018: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Myanmar 2015: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Namibia 2006: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Namibia 2013: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Nepal 2006: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Nepal 2011: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Nepal 2016: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Niger 1998: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Niger 2006: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Niger 2012: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Nigeria 1999: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Nigeria 2008: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Nigeria 2013: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Nigeria 2018: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex, and who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Pakistan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Pakistan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Rwanda 2005: All women age 15-49.
- Rwanda 2010: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Rwanda 2014: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Sao Tome 2008: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Senegal 1997: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Senegal 2010: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Senegal 2014: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Senegal 2015: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Senegal 2016: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Senegal 2017: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Sierra Leone 2008: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or a genital ulcer/sore for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Sierra Leone 2013: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Sierra Leone 2019: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- South Africa 2016: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Tanzania 1996: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Tanzania 2004: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Tanzania 2010: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Togo 1998: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex, have heard of STIs, and who have had a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Togo 2013: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex, and who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Uganda 1995: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Uganda 2006: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Uganda 2011: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Uganda 2016: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Yemen 2013: Ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Zambia 1996: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Zambia 2007: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Zambia 2013: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Zambia 2018: Women age 15-49 who had an STI, abnormal genital discharge, or genital ulcer/sore in the last 12 months.
- Zimbabwe 1994: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Zimbabwe 1999: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection for which they sought treatment in the last 12 months.
- Zimbabwe 2005: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Zimbabwe 2010: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
- Zimbabwe 2015: Women age 15-49 who have ever had sex and who had symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months.
