IPUMS DHS: descr: WKEARNCASH

IPUMS DHS

Demographic and Health Surveys

Registration and access for IPUMS DHS is managed by The DHS Program, which is not reviewing new user applications or requests for expanded access from currently approved users at this time. IPUMS DHS data remain available to approved users.

Select samples

WKEARNCASH (V720)

Woman earns cash for work

Return to Work variables list

Codes and Frequencies

Category availability view
Case-count view

An 'X' indicates the category is available for that sample

Code	Label	bang 94	bang 97	benin 96	burkf 93	camer 91	cenaf 95	chad 96	comor 96	cotedi 94	egypt 92	egypt 95	gabon 00	ghana 93	ghana 98	india 92	Code	Label	india 98	jordan 90	jordan 97	jordan 02	jordan 07	jordan 09	jordan 12	kenya 93	kenya 98	madag 92	madag 97	malaw 92	mali 95	moroc 92	moz 97	Code	Label	namib 92	nepal 96	niger 92	niger 98	nigera 90	nigera 99	pak 91	rwand 92	seneg 92	safrica 98	tanz 91	tanz 99	togo 98	ugand 95	yem 91	Code	Label	zambia 92	zambia 96	zimbw 94
0	No	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	0	No	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	0	No	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	0	No	X	X	X
1	Yes	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	1	Yes	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	1	Yes	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	1	Yes	X	X	X
8	Missing	X	X	·	X	X	·	X	X	·	·	·	X	X	X	X	8	Missing	X	·	·	·	·	·	·	X	X	X	X	X	X	·	X	8	Missing	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	·	8	Missing	X	X	X
9	NIU (not in universe)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	9	NIU (not in universe)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	9	NIU (not in universe)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	9	NIU (not in universe)	X	X	X

Comparability

In addition to slight variation in question wording, the universes for this variable vary across samples and phases (as described below).

Comparability - Standard DHS

WKEARNCASH (V720) is included in the standard DHS questionnaire for Phases II and III. In Phase II, only women who were currently working at the time of the interview were included. In Phase III, women who were currently working at the time of the interview and women who worked at any time in the 12 months before the interview were included.

Additionally, in Phase II for countries with high contraceptive prevalence (model "A" questionnaires), all self-employed women were assumed to be paid cash.

In Phase IV, the variable WKEARNTYPE (V741) replaces WKEARNCASH.

Universe

Bangladesh 1994: Ever-married women age 10-49 who are currently working.
Bangladesh 1997: Ever-married women age 10-49 who are currently working.
Benin 1996: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Burkina Faso 1993: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Cameroon 1991: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Central African Republic 1995: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Chad 1996: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Comoros 1996: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Cote d'Ivoire 1994: Women age 15-49 who are currently working and are not self-employed.
Egypt 1992: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Egypt 1995: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Gabon 2000: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Ghana 1993: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Ghana 1998: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
India 1992: Ever-married women age 13-49 who are currently working.
India 1998: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Jordan 1990: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Jordan 1997: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Jordan 2002: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Jordan 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Jordan 2009: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Jordan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Kenya 1993: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Kenya 1998: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Madagascar 1992: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Madagascar 1997: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Malawi 1992: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Mali 1995: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Morocco 1992: Women age 15-49 who worked in the last month.
Mozambique 1997: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Namibia 1992: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Nepal 1996: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Niger 1992: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Niger 1998: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Nigeria 1990: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Nigeria 1999: Women age 10-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Pakistan 1991: Ever-married women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Rwanda 1992: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Senegal 1992: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
South Africa 1998: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Tanzania 1991: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Tanzania 1999: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Togo 1998: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Uganda 1995: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Yemen 1991: Ever-married women age 15-54 who are currently working.
Zambia 1992: Women age 15-49 who are currently working.
Zambia 1996: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.
Zimbabwe 1994: Women age 15-49 who are currently working or have worked in the last 12 months.

Bangladesh: 1994-W, 1994-C, 1994-W, 1994-B, 1997-W, 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-B

Benin: 1996-C, 1996-B, 1996-W

Burkina Faso: 1993-C, 1993-B, 1993-W

Cameroon: 1991-C, 1991-W, 1991-B

Central African Republic: 1995-W, 1995-C, 1995-B

Chad: 1996-W, 1996-C, 1996-B

Comoros: 1996-W, 1996-C, 1996-B

Cote d'Ivoire: 1994-W, 1994-C, 1994-B

Egypt: 1992-W, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1992-C, 1995-C, 1995-B, 1995-W, 1995-W

Gabon: 2000-W, 2000-C, 2000-B

Ghana: 1993-W, 1993-B, 1993-C, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-W

India: 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B

Jordan: 1990-W, 1990-W, 1990-C, 1990-B, 1997-W, 1997-W, 1997-B, 1997-C, 2002-C, 2002-B, 2002-W, 2002-W, 2007-C, 2007-B, 2007-W, 2007-W, 2009-C, 2009-W, 2009-W, 2009-B, 2012-W, 2012-B, 2012-C, 2012-W

Kenya: 1993-W, 1993-C, 1993-B, 1998-W, 1998-B, 1998-C, 1998-W

Madagascar: 1992-C, 1992-B, 1992-W, 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-B

Malawi: 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-B

Mali: 1995-W, 1995-B, 1995-C

Morocco: 1992-W, 1992-C, 1992-B, 1992-W

Mozambique: 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-B

Namibia: 1992-C, 1992-B, 1992-W

Nepal: 1996-C, 1996-W, 1996-B

Niger: 1992-W, 1992-C, 1992-B, 1998-W, 1998-B, 1998-C

Nigeria: 1990-C, 1990-W, 1990-B, 1999-W, 1999-C, 1999-B

Pakistan: 1991-W, 1991-C, 1991-B

Rwanda: 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-B

Senegal: 1992-W, 1992-B, 1992-C

South Africa: 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B

Tanzania: 1991-W, 1991-C, 1991-B, 1999-C, 1999-B, 1999-W

Togo: 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B

Uganda: 1995-W, 1995-C, 1995-B

Yemen: 1991-W, 1991-C, 1991-B

Zambia: 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1996-W, 1996-C, 1996-B

Zimbabwe: 1994-W, 1994-W, 1994-B, 1994-C

Survey Text

Bangladesh 1994	Ghana 1993	Madagascar 1992	Pakistan 1991
Bangladesh 1997	Ghana 1998	Madagascar 1997	Rwanda 1992
Benin 1996	India 1992	Malawi 1992	Senegal 1992
Burkina Faso 1993	India 1998	Mali 1995	South Africa 1998
Cameroon 1991	Jordan 1990	Morocco 1992	Tanzania 1991
Central African Republic 1995	Jordan 1997	Mozambique 1997	Tanzania 1999
Chad 1996	Jordan 2002	Namibia 1992	Togo 1998
Comoros 1996	Jordan 2007	Nepal 1996	Uganda 1995
Cote d'Ivoire 1994	Jordan 2009	Niger 1992	Yemen 1991
Egypt 1992	Jordan 2012	Niger 1998	Zambia 1992
Egypt 1995	Kenya 1993	Nigeria 1990	Zambia 1996
Gabon 2000	Kenya 1998	Nigeria 1999	Zimbabwe 1994

top

Bangladesh 1994

Survey form view entire document: text

720) Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Bangladesh 1997

Survey form view entire document: text

720) Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Benin 1996

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Burkina Faso 1993

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Cameroon 1991

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Central African Republic 1995

Survey form view entire document: text

719) Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 722)

top

Chad 1996

Survey form view entire document: text

720) Do you earn money for this work? That is, do you earn cash or something else in kind for this work?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Comoros 1996

Survey form view entire document: text

720) Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Cote d'Ivoire 1994

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Egypt 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

718) USE CALENDAR TO PROBE FOR ALL PERIODS OF WORK, STARTING WITH CURRENT OR MOST RECENT WORK, BACK TO JANUARY 1985*. ENTER CODE FOR NO WORK OR FOR TYPE OF WORK IN COLUMN 8.

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTIONS

- When did this job begin (and when did it end)?
- What did you do before that?
- How long did you work at that time?
- Were you self-employed or an employee?
- Were you paid for this work?
- Did you work at home or away from home?

* For fieldwork beginning in 1991, 1992, or 1993, the year should be changed to 1986, 1987, or 1988, respectively.

top

Egypt 1995

Survey form view entire document: text

720) Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Gabon 2000

Survey form view entire document: text

715) Are you paid or do you ear in cash or in kind for this work or are you not paid at all?

CASH ONLY 1
CASH AND KIND 2
IN KIND ONLY 3 (GO TO 718)
NOT PAID 4 (GO TO 718)

top

Ghana 1993

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Ghana 1998

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

India 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

India 1998

Survey form view entire document: text

616. Are you paid in cash or kind for this work, or are you not paid at all?

CASH ONLY 1
CASH AND KIND 2
KIND ONLY 3 (GO TO 619)
NOT PAID 4 (GO TO 619)

top

Jordan 1990

Survey form view entire document: text

718) USE CALENDAR TO PROBE FOR ALL PERIODS OF WORK, STARTING WITH CURRENT OR MOST RECENT WORK, BACK TO JANUARY 1985*. ENTER CODE FOR NO WORK OR FOR TYPE OF WORK IN COLUMN 8.

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTIONS

- When did this job begin (and when did it end)?
- What did you do before that?
- How long did you work at that time?
- Were you self-employed or an employee?
- Were you paid for this work?
- Did you work at home or away from home?

* For fieldwork beginning in 1991, 1992, or 1993, the year should be changed to 1986, 1987, or 1988, respectively.

top

Jordan 1997

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work? PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Jordan 2002

Survey form view entire document: text

709A. Have you done any work in the last seven days, even for one hour? By "work", I mean any paid work, any work in a business completely or partially owned by yourself, any work in a business owned by the household without payment, or work in other business?

YES 1 (GO TO 710)
NO 2

top

Jordan 2007

Survey form view entire document: text

813) What is your current occupation, that is, what kind of work does he mainly do?

_________________

top

Jordan 2009

Survey form view entire document: text

814) What is your employment status: are you an employee, an employer, are you self-employed, are you working for your family without payment, or are you working for someone else without payment?

EMPLOYEE 1
EMPLOYER 2
SELF-EMPLOYED 3
UNPAID FAMILY WORKER 4
UNPAID WORKER 5

top

Jordan 2012

Survey form view entire document: text

814. What is your employment status: are you an employee, an employer, are you self-employed, are you working for your family without payment, or are you working for someone else without payment?

EMPLOYEE 1
EMPLOYER 2
SELF-EMPLOYED 3
UNPAID FAMILY WORKER 4
UNPAID WORKER 5

top

Kenya 1993

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Kenya 1998

Survey form view entire document: text

720) Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Madagascar 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Madagascar 1997

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn a salary for this work?
INSIST: Do you earn money for doing this work?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Malawi 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Mali 1995

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Morocco 1992

No questionnaire text is available for this sample.

top

Mozambique 1997

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Namibia 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Nepal 1996

Survey form view entire document: text

619. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (SKIP TO 622)

top

Niger 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Niger 1998

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Nigeria 1990

Survey form view entire document: text

711. Do you earn cash for this work?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Nigeria 1999

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Pakistan 1991

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Rwanda 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Senegal 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

South Africa 1998

Survey form view entire document: text

1021 How much do you usually earn for this work?
PROBE: Is this by the day, by the week, or by the month?

PER HOUR 1 _____
PER DAY 2 _____
PER WEEK 3 ______
PER MONTH 4 ______
PER YEAR 5 ______
OTHER (SPECIFY) _____________________ 9999996

top

Tanzania 1991

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Tanzania 1999

Survey form view entire document: text

716) Are you paid or do you earn in cash or in kind for this work or are you not paid at all?

CASH ONLY 1
CASH AND KIND 2
IN KIND ONLY 3 (GO TO 719)
NOT PAID 4 (GO TO 719)

top

Togo 1998

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Uganda 1995

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Yemen 1991

Survey form view entire document: text

125) Are you now doing any work for cash?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 127)

top

Zambia 1992

Survey form view entire document: text

712 Do you earn cash for this work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2

top

Zambia 1996

Survey form view entire document: text

720. Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

top

Zimbabwe 1994

Survey form view entire document: text

720) Do you earn cash for your work?
PROBE: Do you make money for working?

YES 1
NO 2 (GO TO 723)

Data Cart

Your data extract

Codes and Frequencies

Description

Comparability

Universe

Survey Text